The design, building, and commissioning of the ALICE Time-Projection Chamber (TPC) is described. It is the principle gadget for sample recognition, tracking, and identification of charged particles in the ALICE experiment at the CERN LHC. The TPC is cylindrical in shape with a volume close to 90 m three and is operated in a 0.5 T solenoidal magnetic subject parallel to its axis. In this paper we describe in detail the design considerations for this detector for operation within the excessive multiplicity surroundings of central Pb-Pb collisions at LHC power. The implementation of the resulting necessities into hardware (discipline cage, read-out chambers, electronics), infrastructure (gas and cooling system, laser-calibration system), and software program led to many technical improvements which are described together with a presentation of all the key elements of the detector, as at present realized. We additionally report on the efficiency achieved after completion of the primary spherical of stand-alone calibration runs and exhibit results near these specified within the TPC Technical Design Report.

ALICE ‘central barrel’, iTagPro Item Finder for monitoring of charged particles and particle identification. The principle goal of the ALICE experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the investigation of Pb-Pb collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 5.5 TeV per nucleon pair. The ensuing detector choice was a large-quantity TPC with general ‘conventional’ lay-out however with nearly all other design parameters beyond the state of the art. This manuscript describes intimately the resulting detector and outlines the path from design concerns to building and commissioning. In outline the ALICE TPC consists of a hollow cylinder whose axis is aligned with the beams from the LHC and is parallel to the ALICE detector’s solenoidal magnetic discipline. The detector is stuffed with a counting fuel consisting of a Ne-CO2-N2 mixture at atmospheric strain. Charged particles traversing the detector ionize the gas. The ionization electrons drift, below the influence of the electric subject, to the endplates of the cylinder, where their arrival point in the cylinder airplane is exactly measured.

The ALICE set-up is shown in Fig. 1. The TPC surrounds the Inner Tracking System (ITS) which is optimized for the willpower of the primary and secondary vertices and precision monitoring of low-momentum particles. On the outside the Transition Radiation Detector (TRD) is designed for electron identification. The outermost Time-Of-Flight (TOF) array gives pion, kaon, and proton identification. As well as, there are three single-arm detectors: the Photon Spectrometer (PHOS), the Electro-Magnetic CALorimeter (EMCAL) and an array of Rich counters optimized for top-Momentum Particle IDentification (HMPID). L3 solenoidal magnet previously used by the L3 experiment. The stringent requirement on the TPC temperature stability and homogeneity necessitate an elaborate cooling approach. The strategy to stabilize the TPC temperature was validated experimentally in a small take a look at setup and is described in Refs. Basically, it was demonstrated that thermal neutrality of the FECs could be achieved by ‘undercooling’, i.e. the cooling water is injected into the FEC cooling loops several levels below the desired TPC working gas temperature. Furthermore, it was shown that the physique cooling loops are required to ascertain stable equilibrium values of the fuel working temperature. The response of the leakless plant to the sudden appearance of a significant leak, e.g. the inadvertent removing of a silicon hose with water circulation on, iTagPro Item Finder has been tested employing specially made mock-up sectors. The 2 mock-up sectors used have roughly the identical properties as an actual sector by way of silicon-hose tubing, i.e. the stress distribution of the water is similar to an actual sector. 0.7, as the result of an optimization course of, however might be a subject of additional investigation. Figure 81 reveals the TPC signal of cosmic tracks versus their momentum, from 8.Three million occasions.

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