Water memory is the purported capability of water to retain a memory of substances beforehand dissolved in it even after an arbitrary number of serial dilutions. It has been claimed to be a mechanism by which homeopathic treatments work, even when they're diluted to the purpose that no molecule of the unique substance remains, but there is no such thing as a concept for it. Water memory is pseudoscientific in nature; it contradicts the scientific understanding of bodily chemistry and is usually not accepted by the scientific community. Benveniste's results below managed situations. Jacques Benveniste was a French immunologist who sought to demonstrate the plausibility of homeopathic cures "independently of homeopathic interests" in a major scientific journal. To that finish, Benveniste and his team at Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM, French for National Institute of Health and Medical Analysis) diluted a solution of human antibodies in water to such a level that there was nearly no risk that a single molecule of the antibody remained in the water solution.

Nonetheless, they reported, human basophils responded to the solutions just as if they'd encountered the unique antibody (a part of the allergic reaction). The effect was reported only when the solution was shaken violently throughout dilution. On the time, Benveniste provided no theoretical rationalization for the impact, which was later coined as "water memory" by a journalist reporting on the study. Benveniste submitted his research to the distinguished science journal Nature for publication. There was concern on the part of Nature's editorial oversight board that the fabric, if printed, would lend credibility to homeopathic practitioners even when the effects were not replicable. There was equal concern that the analysis was simply improper, given the adjustments that it might demand of the known legal guidelines of physics and chemistry. Rejecting the paper on any goal grounds was deemed unsupportable, as there have been no methodological flaws obvious at the time. Ultimately, a compromise was reached.

The paper was published in Nature Vol. Maddox that famous "There are good and explicit the explanation why prudent individuals should, for the time being, suspend judgement" and described a few of the fundamental laws of chemistry and physics which it might violate, if proven to be true. Moreover, Maddox demanded that the experiments be re-run beneath the supervision of a hand-picked group of what turned generally known as "ghostbusters", including Maddox, famed magician and paranormal researcher James Randi, and Walter W. Stewart, a chemist and freelance debunker on the U.S. National Institutes of Health. Under supervision of Maddox and his crew, Benveniste and his group of researchers adopted the original research's procedure and produced results similar to those of the first revealed information. Maddox, however, noted that in the course of the procedure, the experimenters have been aware of which test tubes initially contained the antibodies and which didn't. Benveniste's group then began a second, blinded experimental series with Maddox and his staff in control of the double-blinding: notebooks were photographed, the lab videotaped, and vials juggled and secretly coded.

Randi even went as far as to wrap the labels in newspaper, seal them in an envelope, after which stick them on the ceiling. This was achieved in order that Benveniste and his crew could not read them. The blinded experimental collection confirmed no water Memory Wave Method impact. Maddox's team revealed a report on the supervised experiments in the following situation (July 1988) of Nature. Maddox additionally pointed out that two of Benveniste's researchers were being paid by the French homeopathic company Boiron. In a response letter printed in the same July situation of Nature, Benveniste lashed out at Maddox and complained concerning the "ordeal" that he had endured by the hands of the nature team, evaluating it to "Salem witchhunts or McCarthy-like prosecutions". Both in the character response and during a later episode of Quirks and Quarks, Benveniste particularly complained about Stewart, Memory Wave Method who he claimed acted as in the event that they had been all frauds and handled them with disdain, complaining about his "typical know-it-all attitude".

In his Nature letter, Benveniste additionally implied that Randi was attempting to hoodwink the experimental run by doing magic tips, "distracting the technician in command of its supervision!" He was extra apologetic on Quirks and Quarks, re-phrasing his mention of Randi to suggest that he had kept the group amused together with his tricks and that his presence was typically welcomed. He also pointed out that though it was true two of his staff members have been being paid by a homeopathic company, the same company had paid Maddox's crew's lodge bill. Maddox was unapologetic, stating "I am sorry we didn't find one thing more interesting." On the same Quirks and Quarks present, he dismissed Benveniste's complaints, stating that, because of the chance that the outcomes would be unduly promoted by the homeopathy group, a direct re-take a look at was mandatory. The failure of the checks demonstrated that the preliminary results have been seemingly because of the experimenter effect. He additionally pointed out that your entire test process, that Benveniste later complained about, was one that had been agreed upon prematurely by all events.

• 글쓰기

• 수정
• 삭제
• 목록